近日召開的中央經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)工作會(hui)(hui)議精辟概括新時代做好經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)工作的規律性認識，其中一個重(zhong)要方面就是(shi)(shi)“必須(xu)堅持(chi)高質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和高水平(ping)(ping)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)良性互動，以高質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)促進高水平(ping)(ping)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，以高水平(ping)(ping)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)保障(zhang)高質(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)要動態平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)、相得益彰”。金融安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)家安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的重(zhong)要組(zu)成部分，是(shi)(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)穩健康發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的重(zhong)要基礎。維護(hu)金融安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，是(shi)(shi)關系我國(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)局的一件帶有戰略性、根本性的大(da)事。
中(zhong)央金融(rong)(rong)(rong)工(gong)作(zuo)會議(yi)強(qiang)調，“要(yao)(yao)加(jia)快(kuai)建設金融(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)國，全面加(jia)強(qiang)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)監(jian)管，完善(shan)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)體制，優化(hua)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)服務，防范化(hua)解(jie)風(feng)險(xian)”。中(zhong)央經濟(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)會議(yi)在(zai)對扎實做好經濟(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)作(zuo)出重要(yao)(yao)部署時提出，“要(yao)(yao)統(tong)籌化(hua)解(jie)房地(di)產(chan)、地(di)方債務、中(zhong)小金融(rong)(rong)(rong)機(ji)構等風(feng)險(xian)，嚴厲打擊非法金融(rong)(rong)(rong)活動(dong)，堅(jian)決守住不發生(sheng)系統(tong)性風(feng)險(xian)的(de)底線(xian)”。金融(rong)(rong)(rong)監(jian)管的(de)加(jia)強(qiang)與金融(rong)(rong)(rong)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)防范化(hua)解(jie)，對于(yu)維護(hu)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)安全具有重要(yao)(yao)意義。當今世界正(zheng)經歷百年未有之大變局，我國正(zheng)處在(zai)實現中(zhong)華(hua)民族偉大復興(xing)的(de)關鍵時期(qi)，維護(hu)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)安全尤為重要(yao)(yao)。必(bi)須以全面加(jia)強(qiang)監(jian)管、防范化(hua)解(jie)風(feng)險(xian)為重點(dian)，堅(jian)持(chi)穩中(zhong)求進工(gong)作(zuo)總基調，統(tong)籌發展(zhan)和安全，堅(jian)定不移走中(zhong)國特色金融(rong)(rong)(rong)發展(zhan)之路。因(yin)此，厘清(qing)通過維護(hu)金融(rong)(rong)(rong)安全來推進金融(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)國建設的(de)內在(zai)邏輯，兼具理論與現實意義。
維護金融安全是建設金融強國的重要保障
金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)是指在(zai)(zai)經濟(ji)發(fa)展過程中(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)受到(dao)國(guo)(guo)內外各(ge)方(fang)面沖擊的(de)情(qing)況下，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)及有關經濟(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)仍(reng)能保持平(ping)穩運行(xing)的(de)一種狀態。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)不僅包含(han)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)整體(ti)運行(xing)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，而且也包含(han)了金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)機構與金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)市(shi)場(chang)等各(ge)領域的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)不意味著沒有金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)風險(xian)，而是金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)風險(xian)分散或可(ke)控(kong)。與金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)穩定與金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)韌性等概念相比，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)更能體(ti)現(xian)維護(hu)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)主(zhu)(zhu)權和(he)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)內涵。在(zai)(zai)當前地緣政治沖突(tu)加(jia)劇和(he)大國(guo)(guo)博弈加(jia)速升(sheng)級的(de)情(qing)況下，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)直接關系(xi)(xi)到(dao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)主(zhu)(zhu)權。總的(de)來說，維護(hu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)是保證金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)健康(kang)發(fa)展、維護(hu)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)主(zhu)(zhu)權和(he)保持經濟(ji)平(ping)穩運行(xing)的(de)重要基石。
在(zai)建(jian)設(she)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)國(guo)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)可以起到(dao)重要(yao)的(de)基礎(chu)性(xing)(xing)和保障(zhang)性(xing)(xing)作用。只有(you)在(zai)保障(zhang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)前提下(xia)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體系才能(neng)夠更(geng)(geng)好(hao)地(di)服(fu)(fu)務實(shi)(shi)體經(jing)濟(ji)。若重點領(ling)域發生(sheng)較大的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)風(feng)險，則必(bi)定會影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)國(guo)家金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)整個金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體系的(de)健(jian)康發展，進(jin)而(er)對金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)國(guo)建(jian)設(she)產生(sheng)不利影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)是(shi)靠(kao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)監管和金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)風(feng)險的(de)防(fang)范化(hua)解來實(shi)(shi)現的(de)。因此，維(wei)護金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)進(jin)而(er)推動(dong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)國(guo)建(jian)設(she)的(de)邏輯在(zai)于(yu)：通過(guo)加強(qiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)監管、防(fang)范化(hua)解金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)風(feng)險，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體系能(neng)夠維(wei)持在(zai)一種安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)狀態，從而(er)推動(dong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)更(geng)(geng)好(hao)地(di)服(fu)(fu)務實(shi)(shi)體經(jing)濟(ji)，推進(jin)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)高質量發展，加快建(jian)設(she)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)國(guo)。
我國金融體系運行狀況總體處于安全區間
金融(rong)安(an)全可以從金融(rong)體系各維度(du)的運行(xing)情(qing)況與金融(rong)重點(dian)領(ling)域的突出(chu)風險點(dian)兩個(ge)方面(mian)來分析。
在金(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)運(yun)行(xing)方面，主(zhu)要(yao)從社會融(rong)資規(gui)模(mo)同(tong)比增速(su)與廣義貨幣供應量同(tong)比增速(su)來看，金(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)整體(ti)運(yun)行(xing)比較穩定，并(bing)未出現較大(da)波動。
在金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構運行方面，主要從商業銀行的情況來看，盡管需求不足對盈利性(xing)產生一定影響，但(dan)(dan)仍然保持了較高的流(liu)動性(xing)和安全性(xing)水平。雖然部(bu)分中小金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構存在風險，但(dan)(dan)總體上處于安全區(qu)間。
在(zai)(zai)金融(rong)市(shi)場運行(xing)方面(mian)，主要從股票市(shi)場、債券市(shi)場和(he)外(wai)匯市(shi)場來分析。相比于(yu)(yu)同期世界范圍(wei)內其(qi)他(ta)主要股票市(shi)場，我(wo)國(guo)股票市(shi)場總(zong)(zong)體上(shang)沒有出(chu)現劇烈(lie)的波(bo)(bo)動；違約債券的數(shu)量和(he)金額并未出(chu)現大的變化；人民幣(bi)指數(shu)的波(bo)(bo)動幅(fu)度屬于(yu)(yu)正常范圍(wei)。總(zong)(zong)體來看，金融(rong)市(shi)場作為實體經濟的晴雨表(biao)，在(zai)(zai)國(guo)內外(wai)各類(lei)因素的影響下表(biao)現出(chu)一定程度的波(bo)(bo)動，但總(zong)(zong)體上(shang)仍處于(yu)(yu)安全(quan)區間。
金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)重點(dian)領域突出風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)點(dian)包括以下(xia)方(fang)面。一是(shi)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。雖然中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)對于系(xi)(xi)統(tong)性風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響有限，但(dan)其社會影(ying)響較大(da)，仍需警(jing)惕(ti)并審慎處置(zhi)出現問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)，防止其對金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安全產(chan)生(sheng)負(fu)面影(ying)響。二是(shi)地(di)方(fang)政(zheng)府(fu)債(zhai)務(wu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。受債(zhai)務(wu)集中(zhong)到(dao)期和(he)隱(yin)性債(zhai)務(wu)等多重因素影(ying)響，防范(fan)化(hua)解地(di)方(fang)政(zheng)府(fu)債(zhai)務(wu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)已成為關(guan)系(xi)(xi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安全的(de)(de)(de)重要問(wen)題(ti)。三(san)是(shi)房地(di)產(chan)市場(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。過去部分房地(di)產(chan)企業長期依賴高負(fu)債(zhai)、高杠桿、高周轉的(de)(de)(de)發展模式，如何化(hua)解房地(di)產(chan)市場(chang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)對于維護金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安全來(lai)(lai)(lai)說至(zhi)關(guan)重要。四是(shi)外(wai)部金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。美(mei)聯儲自2022年以來(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)激進(jin)加息引發世(shi)界范(fan)圍內其他國家本幣(bi)貶(bian)值、資(zi)本外(wai)流、債(zhai)務(wu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)、輸入性通脹加劇等問(wen)題(ti)。從國際(ji)大(da)宗(zong)商品市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)角度來(lai)(lai)(lai)看，原油價(jia)格(ge)近年來(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)波動既反映了世(shi)界經濟形勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)不確定性，也會將(jiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)傳遞到(dao)世(shi)界各(ge)國，我國大(da)宗(zong)商品市場(chang)也受到(dao)一定的(de)(de)(de)沖擊。可見(jian)，當前國際(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)狀況(kuang)不容(rong)樂觀，所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)溢出效應會對我國金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安全產(chan)生(sheng)影(ying)響。
綜(zong)上(shang)來看(kan)，我國金(jin)融(rong)體系當(dang)前的運行(xing)狀況總(zong)體處(chu)于安全區間內，但仍(reng)然存在一些內部及外部風險點，必須更好地防范(fan)化解，使金(jin)融(rong)安全得到更有效(xiao)保障(zhang)，進一步支持金(jin)融(rong)服務(wu)實體經(jing)濟。
從雙重維度為夯實金融安全基礎提供保障
金融(rong)強(qiang)國(guo)建設(she)(she)并(bing)非一日之(zhi)功，要求(qiu)在促進金融(rong)體(ti)(ti)系健康運(yun)行的(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)更(geng)好維(wei)護金融(rong)安全(quan)(quan)，特別是在金融(rong)強(qiang)國(guo)建設(she)(she)的(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)構建完善的(de)金融(rong)風(feng)險防范(fan)體(ti)(ti)系。當(dang)前，亟需為夯實金融(rong)安全(quan)(quan)基礎提(ti)供有力保(bao)障。基于金融(rong)安全(quan)(quan)的(de)內涵和(he)我(wo)國(guo)金融(rong)安全(quan)(quan)的(de)現狀(zhuang)，可以從“常(chang)態化金融(rong)體(ti)(ti)系能力建設(she)(she)”與(yu)“專(zhuan)門化金融(rong)安全(quan)(quan)維(wei)護機制”雙(shuang)重(zhong)維(wei)度著力。
加強常態化金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)能(neng)力建設(she)。其(qi)(qi)一，堅(jian)持(chi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)為實體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)服務(wu)，推進(jin)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)高質量發展(zhan)(zhan)。一國(guo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)與自身的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)發展(zhan)(zhan)水平息息相關(guan)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)發展(zhan)(zhan)越完善、其(qi)(qi)抵御(yu)風險的(de)能(neng)力和(he)韌性也就越強。深化金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)改革要堅(jian)持(chi)服務(wu)實體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)導(dao)向(xiang)，著力解決金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)脫實向(xiang)虛(xu)的(de)問題，引(yin)導(dao)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)投(tou)向(xiang)實體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)。其(qi)(qi)二，統籌(chou)發展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，穩(wen)步(bu)(bu)擴(kuo)大開放。中央金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)工作會議提出，“要著力推進(jin)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)高水平開放，確(que)保國(guo)家金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)和(he)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)”。堅(jian)持(chi)統籌(chou)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)開放和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，堅(jian)持(chi)“引(yin)進(jin)來(lai)”和(he)“走(zou)出去”并重，穩(wen)步(bu)(bu)擴(kuo)大金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)領域制度型開放，提升跨境(jing)投(tou)融(rong)資(zi)便利化，吸(xi)引(yin)更多(duo)外資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)機構(gou)和(he)長期資(zi)本來(lai)華展(zhan)(zhan)業(ye)(ye)興業(ye)(ye)。其(qi)(qi)三(san)，強化金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)監(jian)管(guan)，完善金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)法治。努(nu)力構(gou)建系(xi)(xi)統完備、科(ke)學規范、運行高效的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)監(jian)管(guan)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，建立和(he)完善激勵(li)與約束兼容(rong)的(de)機制，在加強金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)法治建設(she)的(de)基礎(chu)上維護金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定。
構建(jian)(jian)專門(men)化(hua)金融(rong)(rong)安全維護機(ji)制(zhi)。選取合適(shi)的(de)(de)監(jian)測指(zhi)標(biao)并(bing)對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)進行預(yu)警(jing)(jing)，在(zai)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)發生(sheng)前及(ji)時(shi)進行防(fang)范。明(ming)確金融(rong)(rong)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)處置化(hua)解責任，在(zai)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)發生(sheng)后快(kuai)速協調金融(rong)(rong)監(jian)管部門(men)和有(you)關機(ji)構在(zai)權(quan)責明(ming)確的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下及(ji)時(shi)處置風(feng)(feng)險(xian)。通過(guo)構建(jian)(jian)專門(men)的(de)(de)金融(rong)(rong)安全監(jian)測及(ji)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)預(yu)警(jing)(jing)與(yu)處置機(ji)制(zhi)，能夠保(bao)證金融(rong)(rong)體(ti)系偏離安全狀態時(shi)可以快(kuai)速“修(xiu)復”，在(zai)總體(ti)上保(bao)證金融(rong)(rong)安全，從而助力金融(rong)(rong)強國建(jian)(jian)設。
（作者:李建(jian)軍 系北京市習近平新(xin)時代中(zhong)國(guo)特色社會主義思想研究中(zhong)心特約研究員、中(zhong)央財經(jing)大學副校(xiao)長）
原標題：夯實建設金融強國的安全基礎
責任編輯：鄭彥
網頁編輯：蘇偉